How does the injection of insulin affect the signal transduction pathway of type 1 diabetics? a. Injected insulin prevents the glucose from binding to cellular protein receptor.
b. Insulin acts as a secondary messenger that cascades the message to allow glucose into the cell.
c. Insulin is absorbed into the cytoplasm and binds with the transcription factor to make it active.
d. Protein receptors on the cell bond to the insulin, which allows glucose to enter the cell.

The correct answer is D.

Explanation:

To act on target cells, insulin binds to a specialized protein that is located on the membrane of your target cells: the insulin receptor. When insulin binds to the receptor, it activates a cascade of signals within the cell (a process called signal transduction), which is essential for insulin to have an effect on its target tissues. Insulin increases the entry of glucose into cells and causes the number of certain proteins specialized in glucose transport to increase in the membrane of their target cells, such as adipocytes (adipose tissue cells) and skeletal muscle cells.

The correct answer is B, b. Insulin acts as a secondary messenger that cascades the message to allow glucose into the cell.

parasites can detrimentally affect their host, but also must not allow their host to die before they can complete their life cycle. some parasites have complex life cycles with many different hosts, and have had to find ways of persisting in many different environments during the change from one host to another. ectoparasites live outside the body of the host, and can more easily  disperse, but are  more exposed to predators, parasites, parasitoids. endoparasites live inside the body of the host, and are therefore protected from the outside environment. but they can be  attacked by the host's immune system. they have therefore developed  mechanisms for dispersal such as  complex life cycles.