Which of the following processes do not take place in the mitochondria? a) citric acid cycle b) conversion of pyruvate to activated acetyl groups c) oxidation of fatty acids to acetyl CoA d) glycogen breakdown

D

Explanation:

The breaking down of glycogen-glycogenolysis takes place in the cytosol of cells of the liver and muscles.it is the compensatory process for providing glucose depleted cells with extra glucose. It is the opposite of Glucogengenesis the formation of glycogen in cells.

it involves the activities of enzymes glycogen phosphorylase which catalysis the removal of alpha1-4glycosidic bonds from the glycogen molecules.Thus freeing the glucose molecules from the glycogen while retaining the 1-6 glycosidic bonds.

Its stimulation is by  epinephrine hormone.while  the hormones glucagon from the pancreas control its release into the blood stream,Thus the low levels of glucose in the blood stream caused glucagon to initiate  the breakdown of glycogen in the liver and muscles down to glucose.As the level of this rise in the blood stream Insulin stimulates the entry of the glucose into the cells reducing the levels of blood glucose,inhibiting glucagon levels ,and therefore stopping Glycogenolysis.

americans began to notice growing differences between the northern and southern sections of the country. there were more people living in cities in the north, which made it more urban. more people lived on farms in the south, which made it more rural. while many people were farmers in the northern states, there were now other ways to make a living, such as working in mechanical cotton gins factories manufacturing cloth, tools and other goods. people in the north supported high tariffs on goods imported from europe because the extra cost encouraged people to “buy american” instead. in the southern states, planters did not like tariffs because they sold most of their production to europe and bought their tools from there as well. southerners believed the protective tariff was something that only northern factory owners keep their profits high. so the southern politicians came up with an idea. they would opt out. they would simply ignore the protective tariff. it was ‘null and void’ in south carolina. the state would not collect the taxes on goods imported into south carolina, no matter what the president said they had to do. this decision led to the nullification crisis.

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