You are studying a population of ground squirrels. You trap 100 individuals and find 9 that have a light colored coat, and the rest have a dark coat. You know that light coat color is recessive in ground squirrels. Assume HWE.

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You are studying a population of ground squirrels. You trap 100 individuals and find 9 that have a light colored coat and the rest have a dark coat. You know that light coat color is recessive in ground squirrels. What is the allele frequency for the light coat allele  and the dark coat allele? How many of the dark coated individuals do you expect to be heterozygotes at the coat color gene? Assume the population is at H-W equilibrium.

Allele frequency for light coat: q = 0.3;

              Allele frequency for dark coat: p = 0.7;

             There will be 42 heterozygote;

Explanation: A population in H-W equilibrium is a population which doesn't change from one generation to the next if there are no disturbing factors, as migration or mutation.

It follows the equation: .

p represents the frequency of the dominant allele;

q represents the frequency of the recessive allele;

2pq represents heterozygote individuals;

The sum of frequencies of both alleles must be 1, i.e.:

For the population of squirrels:

q = 0.3

p = 0.7

2pq = 2*0.7*0.3 = 0.42

In a population of 100 individuals: 0.42*100 = 42

The allele frequency for the light coat is 0.3; for the dark coat is 0.7.

It is expected to have 42 heterozygote individuals in this population.

both anaerobic and aerobic respiration use glucose (or other carbohydrates), proteins and lipids to produce atp and nadh. cell uses those energy molecules, obtained from food and   breaks them down during the chemical reactions of respiration. in anaerobic respiration, nadh is regenerated to nad+ by enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (lactate is produced, e.g. in muscle cells) or by alcohol dehydrogenase where ethanol is produced (alcohol fermentation), while in aerobic respiration, electrons from nadh are deposited in the mitochondria to regenerate nad+ (electron transport chain. anaerobic respiration produces 2 atp per molecule of glucose compared to aerobic respiration where about 38 atp molecules are produced.