Explain how malaria and sickle cell anemia are selection pressures that stabilize the sickle cell allele frequency in a population

Which is an advantage of having memory cells when a pathogen is encountered for a second time. a) the memory cells are what proliferate into clones of cells in response to the binding of an antigen. b) memory cells are vital to the primary immune response in that they immediately recognize pathogens even at the first encounter. c) memory cells are essentially effector cells that are short lived and attack antigens even without having a receptor specific to that antigen. d) it ensures that more lymphocytes with a receptor specific to a particular antigen will be present than in a host that had never encountered that pathogen.

What would most likely happen if green plants were exposed to longer days of sunlight? a. the mitochondria would produce less energy . b. the chloroplasts would produce more energy. c. the cell wall would become thicker. d. the vacuoles would quickly shrink. b. the chloroplasts would produce more energy.

Involving transcription and translaton. explain the causes and effects of damage to the genetic code.