All of these are first-line defenses EXCEPT .
a.
saliva
c.
antibodies
b.
cilia
d.
enzymes
ANSWER IS A.

Parthenogenesis is a type of reproduction that does not require a mate. it’s rarely seen in birds and higher vertebrates. parthenogenesis involves the formation of a zygote. but this zygote is formed without fertilization. in parthenogenesis, in the absence of a male gamete, the ovum develops directly in the zygote.