2. What are the four stages necessary for aerobic respiration? Underline the event(s)

that occur in anaerobic fermentation. Star* that which produces the most ATP.

There are two questions involved here.

1.Glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, Electron transport chain, Chemiosmosis

2. Processes involved in anaerobic fermentation are: *Glycolysis and NAD+ regeneration

Explanation:

Living cells require energy to perform their life processes. This energy is obtained through the process of RESPIRATION, which is the breakdown of food molecules with oxygen (aerobic) or without oxygen (anaerobic) to release energy.

The process of aerobic cellular respiration involves four main stages including Glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, Electron transport chain and Chemiosmosis. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell and does not require oxygen to occur. Hence, it is a general process for both aerobes and anaerobes. Kreb's cycle and Oxidative phosphorylation (ETC and Chemiosmosis) occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria.

At the end of the aerobic cellular respiration, 38 and 36 ATP molecules are yielded in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells respectively.

2. Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration carried out by organisms like yeast etc. Fermentation, like, aerobic respiration begins with Glycolysis which yields pyruvate, 2ATP and 2NADPH molecules. However, the electron carrier needs to donate its electron in order to become NADP+ that will bring about the continuation of the fermentation process.

The second process of fermentation involves regenerating NADP+ and the cell does this by donating the electrons carried by NADPH to pyruvate, converting it to lactate/alcohol. Hence, Glycolysis generates the most ATP.

passive transport is a movement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input. unlike active transport, it does not require an input of cellular energy because it is instead driven by the tendency of the system to grow in entropy.

so, according to what that says, i believe it's hypertonic and hypotonic.

good luck!