A microbiologist has identified a new gram-negative pathogen that causes liver disease in rats. She suspects that the bacterium’s fimbriae are a virulence factor. Describe how molecular Koch’s postulates could be used to test this hypothesis.

Explanation:

Koch formulated a set of criteria that could be used to identify the pathogen responsible for a specific disease and these criteria came to be known as Koch’s postulates:

The organism must be regularly associated with the disease and its characteristic lesions

The organism must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in culture

The disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the organism is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host

The same organism must be re-isolated from the experimentally infected host

In the given hypothesis , Koch's postulates could be used as:

1) identify pathogen associated with disease 2) isolate or purify pathogen 3) test subject gets pathogen 4) same disease/ causes liver disease or not

the oxygenated blood then leaves the lungs through pulmonary veins, which return it to the left heart, completing the pulmonary cycle. this blood then enters the left atrium, which pumps it through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. from the left ventricle, the blood passes through the aortic valve to the aorta.

deoxygenated blood leaves through the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery. from the right atrium, the blood is pumped through the tricuspid valve (or right atrioventricular valve), into the right ventricle.

voluntary muscles are controlled by the cerebellum.