Abnormal hemoglobin is the identifying characteristic of sickle cell anemia. Explain the genetic basis of abnormal hemoglobin. Explain why the sickle cell allele is selected for in certain areas of the world.

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a symbiotic relationship with the mitochondria

osteogenesis imperfecta (oi) refers to a congenital ailment of bones. in the condition, the bones become brittle or fragile. this ailment is a general result of the defect or mutations in the genes (colia1 or colia2). this mutation results in imperfect collagen formation either in quantity or quality wise.  

there are eight kinds of oi defects, and each kind varies with certain distinctions in symptoms. the usual symptoms include frequent bone fractures, loss of hearing in infants, protruding eyes, discoloration of the white in the eyes, respiratory issues, loosening of the joints, short stature, and other symptoms.