Below is the final functional kappa light-chain protein produced from germline DNA for the kappa light-chain in humans in a mature B-cell. V2 J3 C Below is a portion of the germline DNA for the kappa light-chain in humans. The intervening sequence is denoted by a horizontal line. For each step in the process of generating the above light-chain protein from the germline DNA below, determine if the corresponding DNA or RNA sequences would be present or absent in mature B-cell DNA, pre-mRNA, and mRNA. - V1 - V2 - V3 - V4 - V5 - J1 - J2 - J3 - J4 - J5 - C - Mature B-cell DNA Present Absent Present Absent Present

See attached file

Explanation:

the backbone of the dna and rna compound is sugar phosphate.

an individual’s sex (i.e., whether they are a male or female) is determined by the sex chromosomes. most people have two sex chromosomes, one that is inherited from their mother and one that is inherited from their father. typically, females have two x chromosomes (xx) and males have one x chromosome and one y chromosome (xy). conditions caused by changes (“mutations”) in genes located on the x chromosome are considered x-linked.

x-linked recessive inheritance

most x-linked conditions are recessive. this means that in a person with two x chromosomes (most females), both copies of a gene (i.e., one on each x chromosome) must have a change or mutation whereas in a person with one x chromosome (most males), only one copy of a gene must have a mutation. a female with a mutation in one copy of a gene on the x chromosome is said to be a “carrier” for an x-linked condition. a male with a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome is typically affected with the condition. because females have two copies of the x chromosome and males have only one x chromosome, x-linked recessive diseases are more common among males than females. however, x-linked recessive diseases can occur in both males and females.

for x-linked recessive disorders, an unaffected carrier mother who has a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome can transmit either the x chromosome with this mutation or a “normal” x chromosome to her children. if the father is unaffected, none of her daughters will be affected and all of her daughters will be unaffected—since they will inherit at least one normal x chromosome from their father. however, each daughter will have a 50% chance of being an unaffected carrier like her mother and a 50% chance of both x chromosomes being normal.