Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Deep in the ocean off the shore of Japan are communities nestled around hydrothermal vents, where super-heated water springs from the bottom of the ocean. No sunlight ever penetrates to these deep regions. In these communities, bacteria have special enzymes that allow them to form organic matter by chemosynthesis. These communities frequently have giant tube worms, clams, shrimp, and many other organisms clustered together.
In hydrothermal vent communities,
a. energy is transferred in the form of heat between trophic levels.
b. there is no photosynthesis, but heat drives chemosynthetic producers.
c producers depend on energy generated by consumers.
d. temperature is the most important biotic factor.