Earl Sutherland won the Nobel prize for discovering how epinephrine stimulates the breakdown of glycogen, a molecule that belongs to the carbohydrate family of macromolecules. Glycogen is abundant in liver and in muscle cells and is stored in glycogen granules. When epinephrine interacts with the liver cells it triggers a signal transduction cascade that leads to activation of glycogen phosphorylase and production of glucose-1-phosphate molecules. The glucose-1-phosphate molecules are then used for glycolysis to produce energy in the liver cell. To decipher the signal transduction pathway that triggers the breakdown of glycogen Sutherland and his colleagues used a test tube, the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase, epinephrine and glycogen. In this experiment he observed that no glucose-1-phosphate was formed. Why do you think this happened?

98 points you will be galileo perform the experiment to determine if objects with different mass fall at the same, or different, rates in the air and in a vacuum. before you conduct your experiment, you need to form a hypothesis. a hypothesis is a prediction of what you think will happen in the experiment. the hypothesis is a statement that describes “if” a certain set of circumstances are present “then” there will be a specific result that will occur. record your hypothesis here: record the results from step one of the experiment (dropping the objects in the air): first trial: second trial: third trial: record the results from step two of the experiment (dropping the objects in a vacuum): first trial: second trial: third trial: did the experiment support your hypothesis? using the data from your experiment, describe why you believe your hypothesis was either proven or disproven. what forces were acting on the objects dropped in the air? what force was acting on the objects dropped in the vacuum? part two: comparing forces choose two forces and compare and contrast these forces. you must provide two ways that they are alike and two ways that they are different. you may make a list, write in paragraph form, or make a chart. choose two forces and compare and contrast these forces. these must be different forces than used in the prior question. provide two ways that they are similar and two ways that they are different. you may make a list, write it out, or make a chart.