For Heliodorus, having four arm-like extensions is dominant over having two. In a family of Heliodorus, Hayden has four arm-like extensions like his mother Helen. His father, Harry, and sister, Holly both have two. What are the genotypes of everyone in this family of Heliodors

Hayden's genotype is Aa (heterozygous), Helen's genotype is AA (homo-zygous dominant), Harry's genotype is aa (homo-zygous recessive) and Holly's genotype is aa (homo-zygous recessive).

In complete dominance, the dominant allele (in this case, the 'A' allele) masks the expression of the recessive allele (the 'a' allele) in heterozygous individuals.

In this case, it is important to have into account the possible genotypes and phenotypes:

Harry and his sister Holly are homo-zygous recessive, thereby they have the genotype 'aa' and express the trait 'two arm-like extensions'. In consequence, the only manner in which Hayden can express the dominant trait 'four arm-like extensions' is she received the dominant 'A' allele from her mother.

In conclusion, Hayden's genotype is Aa (heterozygous), Helen's genotype is AA (homo-zygous dominant), Harry's genotype is aa (homo-zygous recessive) and Holly's genotype is aa (homo-zygous recessive).

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Hayden- heterozygous dominant

Mother (Helen)- heterozygous dominant

Father (Harry)- homozygous recessive

Sister (Holly)- homozygous recessive

Explanation:

This is a genetic scenario involving a single gene coding for number of arm-like extensions in Heliodors family. According to the question, the allele for four arm extensions (A) is dominant over thr allele for two arm extensions (a). The question also states that Hayden and his mother have four arm extensions while his sister (Helen) and Father (Harry) have two arm extensions.

Firstly, it is worth it to note that Harry and Holly will be genotypically homozygous recessive (aa) because a recessive trait will only be expressed in a homozygous state, since two arm extensions is the recessive trait.

Now, since father is homozygous recessive, he will produce gametes that contains only "a" allele. If the mother were homozygous dominant (AA), no recessive offspring should be produced because all the offsprings wil phenotypically have four arm extensions. But one has two (recessive) which is the sister (Holly). This is because, although, the mother phenotypically has four, but is genotypically heterozygous dominant (Aa). Hence, it can produce A and a allele in gamete formation. Therefore, Helen has heterozygous dominant (Aa).

Lastly, Hayden also has four arm extensions, hence dominant. But since Aa genotype and aa genotype from Helen and Harry respectively, came together, no homozygous dominant offspring can be produced. This tells us that Hayden must be a heterozygous dominant.

explanation:

the fossil record extends back to a dog-like ancestor some 55 million years ago, which gave rise to the first horse-like species 55 to 42 million years ago in the genus eohippus.