What type of functional group might be responsible for the pH effect on kcat? Justify your answer based on the "generic" pKa values of functional groups in peptides and proteins.

According to the theory of punctuated equilibrium, at what rate does speciation occur? species change depending on the rate of natural selection. after periods of stasis, new species evolve relatively rapidly. species change slowly and eventually form new species. some species change quickly and others change slowly to balance the overall rate.

If a baby girl guinea pig looks almost identical to its mother, does this then mean that it inherited more alleles from its mother? explain. (hint: think about the vocabulary words dominant and recessive.)

A60-tooth gear is connected to a 72-tooth gear. if the smaller gear turns 12 times, how many turns does the larger gear make?