Based on your phylogenetic tree, how many times—at a minimum—do you infer that an HIV virus has jumped hosts to humans?

Phylogeny and virus

Explanation:

Human immune deficiency virus forms the major cause of AIDS(Acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

Phylogenetic analyses have showed that chimpanzees were the original hosts for this class of viruses Four lineages of HIV have arisen due to the independent cross species transmission to humans and two of these transmissions may have been through gorillasSimian immunodeficiency viruses(SIV) are the closest relatives of HIV infecting wild type chimpanzees and gorillas in west central Africa98% of HIV infections are caused by HIV-1 group M,the virus has a fast rate of evolution and must have circulated within the population of humans for many years First species found to be infected naturally were African green monkeys where prevalence of infection is highHIV-1 and HIV-2 form a distinct clade within the lentiviruses indicating that humans have acquired  their infections from other primatesSooty mangabeys(monkey) in West Africa ere the source of HIV-2 strains and there must have been multiple mangabey to human cross species jumpA virus related to HIV-1 was reported in the year 1989 and was found in two captive chimpanzees in GabonIn 1999 a example of SIV was found from a chimpanzee Transmission from chimpanzee to humans gave rise to M and N groups which probably occurred in the locations where closely related SIV strains were foundMost SIV's infect monkey species whereas chimpanzees(like humans)are apes,it is observed that chimpanzees initially acquired SIV's from monkeysThe opportunities for chimpanzee-or monkey-to-human host jumps have existed for hundreds or thousands of years and it is expected that such transmissions might have occurred in the past

In some developing nations the percentage of the animal protein from fish in the diet can be as high as 25 percent.  about 85% of fish caught is used for human consumption.  the remainder is converted into fishmeal and fish oil.