Both genetic and nongenetic factors cause the congenital skeletal abnormality known as clubfoot, which occurs with a worldwide incidence of about 1 in 1000 births. Gurnett et al. identified a family in which clubfoot occurred as an autosomal dominant trait due to a mutation in the PITXI gene. DNA testing revealed that 11 people in the family carried the PITXI mutation, but only eight of these people had clubfoot. Calculate the penetrance of the PITXI mutation in this family.

Ms. w, a 21-year-old woman, came into a clinic after suffering a deep laceration on her foot while walking barefoot around her yard. the wound was cleaned, sutured, and bandaged, and she was released to return home after receiving tetanus antitoxoid. within 72 hours, the wound area was red and swollen, the suture line was dark in color, and it was accompanied by severe throbbing pain. ms. w had a high fever, her heart felt like it was racing, and she was finding it hard to concentraten even on simple tasks. she returned to the clinic and was immediately taken to the hospital. following lab tests, a diagnosis of acute necrotizing fasciitis was made. discussion questions 1. explain why ms. w. received a tetanus antitoxoid before leaving the hospital. (see chapters 3 and 4, infection and passive immunity.) 2. explain how acute necrotizing fasciitis developed in this case and the pathophysiology involved. (see acute necrotizing fasciitis.) 3. what is the potential outcome for ms. w if antibiotic drugs do not reduce the infection quickly?