You are screening tomato varieties for plants that will resist a novel biotrophic pathogen. You should choose those with: Select all that apply.
a. a strong hypersensitive response.
b. a high diversity of R proteins.
c. fewer plasmodesmata connecting cells.
d. a high diversity of AVR proteins.

a. a strong hypersensitive response.

b. a high diversity of R proteins.

Explanation:

Hypersenstive response is an immediate defense system in plants because they don't have direct immune system. During an event of pathogen invasion, plant produces reactive radicals (reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, hydrogen peroxides) to kill the invading pathogen. Therefore, it should be included in the selection of tomato varities against novel biotrophic pathogen as a main criteria.

Further, R proteins are produced by R-genes (resistant genes) that is a defense line in plants against pathogens. Typically, it is known as a Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern or PAMP. The presence of r-genes in tomato varieties would help produce enzymes (r-proteins) that will kill or minimize the invador/infection. Hence, it should also be included as a main criterion for the selection of tomato varieties.

/the trachea, commonly known as the windpipe

answer:

the water molecules are transferred from the roots to the stem or top parts of the tall tree because of important properties of water which are adhesion, cohesion and capillary action. cohesion is the property of water molecules keeps water molecules in a combined state by sharing of bonds between them at the atomic level. adhesion allows the interaction of water molecules with other substances or substrate. adhesion will cause the attachment of water molecules to the wall of the vessel (xylem) of the plant. capillary action occurs when the adhesive force to the vessel wall is stronger than the cohesive force between water molecules. capillary action mimics the transfer of water from a tube or pipe. in this way water utilizes its property to transfer water from down to top level of the plant.