The fungal groups that are paraphyletic—that is, a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants—are the .

Answer & Explanation:

The various species of fungi are divided into five main groups: chytrids, zygomycetes, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes and basidiomycetes.

Within these groups, there is evidence that chytrids (belonging to the phylum Chytridiomycota) and zygomycetes (phylum Zygomycota) are paraphyletic, in other words, these groups have a common ancestor, but this does not extend to all descendants.

There are also studies that indicate that the different groups of fungi are paraphyletic to Deuteromycetes (or imperfect fungi).

However, this is an artificial group, which contains species that could not be located in the other groups of fungi, because their classification is based mainly in characters present only in the sexual phase.

Thus, until the “natural” taxonomic location of all species still included in that taxon is elucidated, the remaining taxa cannot be considered monophyletic.

measuring light intensity

light meters can be used to measure light intensity. the meter is held at the soil surface and pointed in the direction of the maximum light intensity, and then the meter is read.

errors can be made when measuring light intensity by accidentally shading the light meter. the reliability of the results can be checked by taking many samples.