Describe the structure and function of each of the following structures found in plant and animal cells: plasma membrane, nucleus, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes

1. Plasma membrane: plasma membranes are made up of phospholipid bilayer covered by proteins. The plasma membrane is selectively permeable as it allows specific molecules to enter and leave the cell. The function of plasma membrane is to serve as protection to the cell as well as regulate the exchange of substances between the cell and its sorrounding.  

2. Nucleus: The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that serves as the control center of the cell. It houses the genetic material known as the DNA. It controls the division, growth, and differentiation of the cell. It also regulates DNA replication.

3. Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum: The rough endoplasmic reticulum is attached by several ribosomes which gives it a rough appearance, while the smooth endoplasmic reticulum has none. The rough endoplasmic reticulum functions in the production of protein, while the smooth reticulum helps in the production of lipids and also in detoxification.

4. Golgi apparatus: these are folded membranes that packages and sorts protein, as well as transport them to the required destinations.

5. Mitochondria: These are double membrane organelles that have inner folds called cristae. Mitochondrion is the site of energy production in the cell.

6. Ribosomes: These cell structure are composed of rRNA, and are majorly responsible for protein production. They can be found floating within the cytoplasm of the cell or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

7. Lysosomes: they are organelles surrounded by membrane that contains phospholipids and contain digestive enzymes. Their main function is to carry out digestion as well as help in waste removal.

the principles and empirical processes of discovery and demonstration considered characteristic of or necessary for scientific investigation, generally involving the observation of phenomena, the formulation of a hypothesis concerning the phenomena, experimentation to test the hypothesis, and development of a conclusion that confirms, rejects, or modifies the hypothesis.