To accurately estimate genetic distance as a measure of the actual number of substitutions that have occurred one must adjust the observed fraction of substitutions because (select all that apply):

(A) Single substitutions are tedious to count and one wants to adjust for errors one make in counting.
(B) Parallel substitutions in multiple sequences obscure where changes have occured.
(C) Convergent substitutions result in changes in multiple sequences that would not be observed.
(D) One can have sequential substitutions in a sequence over time.

You have a solution that contains phospholipid vesicles in a test tube. these vesicles have phospholipid bilayers, but do not contain any membrane transporters. you add a number of different molecules to the solution, and wait a period of time for them to equilibrate. if you could measure the concentration of each molecule, for which of the following would you expect to measure equal concentrations inside and outside of the vesicles? assume for this question that the overall osmolarity inside and outside the vesicles is the same (that is, there is no appreciable diffusion of water across the membrane). (select two answers) an amino acid with a hydrophobic side-chain a small non-polar molecule a negatively charged ion a small polar molecule a small lipid hormone

Most animal cells membranes have proteins that pump ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell

Albinism is an autosomal recessive condition. which circle graph above shows the genotype probability when an albino female mates with a male that is heterozygous for the albinism trait? answer choice f answer choice g answer choice h answer choice j