What are the factors that govern the degree of overlap of atomic orbitals on different atoms?

The following factors govern the degree of overlap of atomic orbitals on different atoms.

1) symmetry of the orbitals

2) Energy of the orbitals

3) Orientation of the orbitals

The two overlapping orbitals must have the correct symmetry. Orbitals that do not have the appropriate symmetry can not overlap in a manner that leads to bond formation.

For orbitals to overlap, they must be comparable in energy. Orbitals that are far apart in energy can not overlap effectively leading to bond formation.

The lobes of the orbitals must point in the right direction (they must have the correct orientation) in order to ensure effective overlap leading to bond formation.

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The orientation of the orbitals, the energy difference between them, their orbital sizes, and distance between the orbitals

Explanation:

1. Orientation

For example, the overlap between two p orbitals is roughly proportional to the cosine of the angle between them. An angle of 0° gives the best possible orbital overlap An angle of 90° means that the orbitals are orthogonal and have zero overlap. An angle of 180° means they are out of phase. There will be destructive overlap, and you will get an antibonding π* orbital.

2. Energy difference

If two orbitals have similar energies, they will have good overlap. The greater the energy difference, the poorer the orbital overlap. For example, a 3p orbital is higher in energy than a 2p. It can overlap efficiently with another 3p orbital, but not as well with a lower-energy 2p orbital.

3. Size difference

As the energy of an orbital increases, so does its size. A carbon 2p orbital cannot overlap efficiently with a chlorine 3p orbital that is twice its size.

4. Distance

The greater the distance between two orbitals, the poorer is their overlap.

d concave shape of wave rock

explanation:

the concave shape of wave rock is a very good evidence that supports the evolution of earth due to chemical weathering. if we talk about structure of   wave rock, studies have estimated that it is around 2.7 billion years old. it also serves as the foundation of evidence that it was the place where australian continent began to form.

how the structure of wave rock was created?

studies suggest that structure of wave rock was created when the surrounded area was started to weather due to which deposition of material started on the part of land which now contains wave rock.

the structure of wave rock is considered to be one of the best-known landforms in australia. at the height of around 15 cm, there can be found flared slopes which formulate the margins of hyden rock. it is now assumed by geologists that wave rock was created by subsurface water-induced weathering and not by glaciers, waves or wind.

due to deposition of material over the period of long time, the wave rock became tougher and tougher due to weathering from surrounding terrain. this makes it a physical evidence that supports   the evolution of earth due to chemical weathering.

hope it !