In exploring for coal deposits, geologists sometimes look for fossil indicators: fossilized remains of Carboniferous plants. Which of the following combinations in a sample would suggest the presence of rocks that might bear coal beds?

1. mosses and liverworts, but no vascular plants
2. angiosperms and mosses
3. lycophytes and gymnosperms
4. lycophytes and tree ferns

During the carboniferous there is a proliferation of plants such as lycopodia and ferns. Theirs remains have generated large carbon deposits worldwide. These experimental plants reach their maximum richness and diversity during the Carboniferous (300-350 million years).

the transfer of energy between two molecules spaced just nanometers apart plays a key role in many technologies, including photovoltaics, quantum information systems, lighting, and sensors, as well as in biophysics to measure nanometer distances and in photosynthesis. but an open question in this area is what effect, if any, the surrounding photonic environment has on this nanoscale energy transfer. by designing and performing a carefully controlled experiment to answer this question, scientists have settled the debate and found clues to improving the efficiency of many of the technologies that rely on this process.

explanation:

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