This is mohs hardness scale.
which example lists minerals from hardest to softest?
mineral
hardness
talc
apatite, quartz, fluorite, talc
diamond, talc, fluorite, topaz
talc, calcite, orthoclase, diamond
corundum, quartz, calcite, gypsum
2
gypsum
calcite
fluorite
apatite
orthoclase
quartz
topaz
corundum
diamond
8
10

The Mohs hardness scale characterizes minerals according to their resistance to be scratched. According to this scale, the correct list is: corundum, quartz, calcite, gypsum.

Theoretical framework:

Hardness is one of the physical properties of minerals and is a significant one when identifying and recognizing them.

Hardness measures the resistance level of a surface to abrasion. In the specific case of minerals, it measures how minerals resist being scratched or penetrated.

The hardness level is determined by an attempt to scratch or produce a mark on an unmarked surface using sharp elements, such as nails, copper coin, glass, or a steal knife. Notice that these elements also vary in their hardness.

There are different methods used to define hardness, and they are not comparable to each other. The Mohs hardness method defines an ordinary qualitative scale that characterizes the mineral according to their resistance to being scratched by a harder element.

According to the Mohs hardness scale, from the hardest to the softest hardness level, minerals are placed as follows,

Hardest level  

Softest level

According to this scale, the following list is the correct option ⇒ corundum, quartz, calcite, gypsum.

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an individual’s sex (i.e., whether they are a male or female) is determined by the sex chromosomes. most people have two sex chromosomes, one that is inherited from their mother and one that is inherited from their father. typically, females have two x chromosomes (xx) and males have one x chromosome and one y chromosome (xy). conditions caused by changes (“mutations”) in genes located on the x chromosome are considered x-linked.

x-linked recessive inheritance

most x-linked conditions are recessive. this means that in a person with two x chromosomes (most females), both copies of a gene (i.e., one on each x chromosome) must have a change or mutation whereas in a person with one x chromosome (most males), only one copy of a gene must have a mutation. a female with a mutation in one copy of a gene on the x chromosome is said to be a “carrier” for an x-linked condition. a male with a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome is typically affected with the condition. because females have two copies of the x chromosome and males have only one x chromosome, x-linked recessive diseases are more common among males than females. however, x-linked recessive diseases can occur in both males and females.

for x-linked recessive disorders, an unaffected carrier mother who has a mutation in a gene on the x chromosome can transmit either the x chromosome with this mutation or a “normal” x chromosome to her children. if the father is unaffected, none of her daughters will be affected and all of her daughters will be unaffected—since they will inherit at least one normal x chromosome from their father. however, each daughter will have a 50% chance of being an unaffected carrier like her mother and a 50% chance of both x chromosomes being normal.