Diagnose this case study. a 68 year old patient with alzheimer disease was brought to the emergency room by the staff of a local nursing home. he presented as lethargic with a sallow complexion. he had an admission temperature of 102.4f and a respiratory rate of 33/minute. during respiration, the right side of his chest moved better than the left. he showed dense consolidation of the lower lobe of the left lung on physical exam. a sputum sample revealed blood and a greenish color. a chest x-ray showed tight consolidation of the left lung with evidence of formation of cavities in the lung tissue from cytotoxic damage. the patient complained of chills in the exam room, combined with his fever. a smear of his sputum demonstrated no acid- fast bacteria.

Proteins are the workhorses of the cell, controlling virtually every reaction within as well as providing structure and serving as signals to other cells. proteins are long chains of  amino acids  , and the exact sequence of the amino acids determines the final structure and function of the protein. instructions for that sequence are encoded in  genes  . to make a particular protein, a messenger ribonucleic acid (mrna) copy is made from the gene (in the process called  transcription  ), and the mrna is transported to the  ribosome  . protein synthesis, also called  translation  , begins when the two ribosomal subunits link onto the mrna. this step, called initiation, is followed by elongation, in which successive amino acids are added to the growing chain, brought in by transfer rnas (trnas). in this step, the ribosome reads the  nucleotides  of mrna three by three, in units called  codons  , and matches each to three nucleotides on the trna, called the anticodon. finally, during termination, the ribosome unbinds from the mrna, and the  amino acid  chain goes on to be processed and folded to make the final, functional protein