From cogbooks module 7.1: how could something as complex as the behavior of ant-parasitizing lomechusa (staphylinid beetles) have evolved?

these are beetles with special glands, behavior, and body-shape that trick ants into taking them into their nests. inside the ant-nest, these beetles act as parasites, feeding on ant brood and being fed by the ants.

a. these complex behaviors may have arisen gradually through natural selection.
b. complex structures and behaviors such as lomechusa beetles often appear suddenly in the natural world - with little natural precedent.
c. many lomechusa beetles already have pre-existing glands and behaviors that could potentially be co-opted and modified through time.
d. both a and c from