Given a trait phenotype determined by a single autosomal locus with two alleles, where the mode of inheritance is reduced-penetrant recessive with no phenocopy, how many possible genotypes can an affected individual (who has the trait and has not been genotyped) have at the trait locus?
a. 2.
b. we cannot answer the question with the information provided.
c. 3.
d. 1.
e. 0 (no possible genotypes - there is reduced penetrance).

Transmission electron microscope are best for viewing a) microorganisms in pond water b) internal organs of a mouse c)internal structures of a cell d) surface features of a specimen

Types of scientific inquiry that biologist engage in that cannot be completely controlled

The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i. e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).