Induced pluripotent stem cells are cells from adults that have been reprogrammed to imitate embryonic stem cells. why might
induced pluripotent stem cells be a valuaale tool in science and medicine?
o a. induced pluripotent stem cells can become any cell type in the body, but are from adults, avoiding the controversies associated with
embryonic stem cells
o b. induced pluripotent stem cells are the only type of stem cell that's truly pluripotent.
o c. induced pluripotent stem cells may become any cell type in the body, but are fraught with ethical questions over their use.
o d. induced pluripotent stem cells are derived from adult cells and therefore may have dna abnormalities, allowing scientists to understand the
effects of sun exposure or toxins on dna

it has to be understood that the sea water contains a huge amount of sodium and chlorine ions and if they enter the cell of the atlantic cod fish, the cell will shrivel and the fish will die. to avoid such a condition, the fish uses active transport for the purpose of removing the ions against the gradient.

explanation:

the atlantic cod is not a maritime osmoconformer. its native application of salts is less than that of the seawater it lives in. it is continually falling water from the gills to the ocean via osmosis.

countering that, the fish is going to be swallowing seawater. but since its internal collection of salts is lower than seawater, the fish will want to go free of excess salt, and since that's going upon a gradient, then active transport, requiring energy, must be used to pump out the salt. much marine fish use the organs to filter out the salt and these fish discharge very straight urine.