If group selection—the differential survival and reproduction of groups—is an evolutionarily stable strategy, then:
a) the characteristics of the group must be heritable
b) groups are only formed by related individuals
c) family members of groups behave altruistically to one another but not to unrelated members of the group
d) a small portion of the group must sacrifice their own fitness for the good of the group

scientists have discovered that hiv does not cause aids by the virus's direct effect on the host's immune cells, but rather through the cells' lethal influence on one another. researchers from the gladstone institutes have revealed that hiv does not cause aids by the virus's

primary succession occurs in essentially lifeless areas regions in which the soil is incapable of sustaining life as a result of such factors as lava flows, newly formed sand dunes, or rocks left from a retreating glacier. secondary succession occurs

that would be called plucking : )

explanation:

''plucking, also referred to as quarrying, is a glacial phenomenon that is responsible for the erosion and transportation of individual pieces of bedrock, especially large "joint blocks". as a glacier moves down a valley, friction causes the basal ice of the glacier to melt and infiltrate joints (cracks) in the bedrock."