What is the first step when determining frequency for either alleles or genotypes?

Allele frequency refers to how common allele is in population it is determined by counting how many times the allele appears in the population then dividing by the total number of copies of the gene

the solute can move "downhill," from regions of higher to lower concentration, relying on the specificity of the protein carrier to pass through the membrane. this process is called passive transport or facilitated diffusion, and does not require energy.