18.substrate-level phosphorylation
(a) energy released from atp hydrolysis is used to phosphorylate the substrate
(b) energy released from the chemical reaction is used to directly phosphorylate adp
(c) energy released from atp hydrolysis is used to phosphorylate adp
(d) energy released from the chemical reaction is used to directly reduce nad+

(B) Energy released from the chemical reaction is used to directly phosphorylate ADP.

(D) Energy released from the chemical reaction is used to directly reduce NAD+

Explanation:

phosphorylation is a addition of phosphoryl group to an organic compound.Substrate level phosphorylation is a process where there is ATP is produced from ADP by transferring a high energy phosphate group from phosphorylated metabolic compound.This process occurs in glycolysis and citric acid cycle.and this pathway is exergonic pathway

protist eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi ("misfits")