Purebred lines of fruit flies with wild type (tan) body color and stubby bristles are mated to flies with ebony bodies and normal bristles. the resulting fl offspring all have a normal wild-type body color and stubby bristles. the fl flies are crossed with flies recessive for both traits (i. e. ebony bodies and normal bristles). what phenotypes and ratios of phenotypes would you expect to find among the offspring produced by crossing the fl with flies recessive for both traits? assume you found the following results among the offspring.
wild type body, stubby bristles 430
ebony body, stubby bristles 55
wild type body, normal bristles 65
ebony body, normal bristles 450
how could you explain these results?

Proteins are the workhorses of the cell, controlling virtually every reaction within as well as providing structure and serving as signals to other cells. proteins are long chains of  amino acids  , and the exact sequence of the amino acids determines the final structure and function of the protein. instructions for that sequence are encoded in  genes  . to make a particular protein, a messenger ribonucleic acid (mrna) copy is made from the gene (in the process called  transcription  ), and the mrna is transported to the  ribosome  . protein synthesis, also called  translation  , begins when the two ribosomal subunits link onto the mrna. this step, called initiation, is followed by elongation, in which successive amino acids are added to the growing chain, brought in by transfer rnas (trnas). in this step, the ribosome reads the  nucleotides  of mrna three by three, in units called  codons  , and matches each to three nucleotides on the trna, called the anticodon. finally, during termination, the ribosome unbinds from the mrna, and the  amino acid  chain goes on to be processed and folded to make the final, functional protein

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