In house sparrows (passer domesticus) it is generally found that both males and females care for the eggs and young. however, some male house sparrows do not provide parental care. in addition, it is known that young that receive parental care from both the male and female are more likely to survive to fledging (leaving the nest). which of the following activities by males that do not provide parental care would represent the most beneficial trade-off for the reduced survival of their offspring? a) attacking the nests of neighboring malesb) mating with additional females and fathering more eggsc) eating to build up energy stores for migrationd) grooming to eliminate parasites from their feathers

Option B

Explanation:

The male sparrow does not takes care of the baby sparrow. Such kind of baby sparrow's has very less chances of survival and fledging. They die before this stage due to lack of parental care.

Generally the female sparrow takes care of the baby sparrow and the males fly away. They get involved in mating with the other female sparrow and fathering  more eggs.

Hence, the correct answer is option B.

from my research i have to the conclusion that decomposers, such as fungi, bacteria and invertebrates, play a critical role in nutrient cycling and without them the earth's ecosystem may not support life as we know it. elements such as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus exist in limited amounts on earth, although huge amounts of carbon are being released into the atmosphere from underground sources now by humans. it is still extremely important that other nutrients be retained by the process of re-use. decomposers are organisms that are able to chemically break down dead material and make these elements available for use by other organisms. without this breakdown of dead material, dead bodies would pile up. so decomposers also play a role in clean up also. without them, life might not continue as we know it and dead material would overwhelm the earth.