Molecules such as ammonia, nitrite, and h2s have more positive reduction potentials than the nad(p)+/nad(p)h conjugate redox pair. how do chemolithotrophs transfer electrons to the less positive nad+ from the more positive inorganic energy sources they utilize as fuels in order to gain reducing power?

By the Calvin cycle

Explanation:

These kind of bacteria, the chemolithotrophs, obtain their carbon from carbon dioxide, and their energy by some reduction reactions with some chemicals like NH3, NO2, H2 or some other sulfur compounds like H2S, or S.

Since these living things do not use the sun energy as the energy source, they need to obtain from the oxidation of these reductive compounds.

Later the next step is use the Calvin Cycle similar like the plants.

Hope this info is useful.

answer: zinc is the substance which has a volume of 1.38 .

density is defined as the mass of an object per unit volume.

it can be calculated by dividing mass of a substance by its volume i.e.

si unit of density is kg per cubic meter and cgs unit of the same is gram per cubic centimeter.

now from the given data volume can be calculated by the formula .

hence, the volume of aluminium will be = which comes out to be 1.703 .

similarly, volume of zinc, chromium, and nickel will be 1.378 , 0.869 , and 0.356 respectively.