Researchers are trying to make a genetically modified (gm) pig that expresses bovine (cow) growth hormone to make it grow bigger. they isolated the bovine growth hormone gene, cut it and a plasmid with the same restriction enzyme, and mixed them together. they inserted the mixture into pig zygotes, but only normal pigs, not gm pigs, grew. what did they likely do wrong?

In the given case, the researchers forgot to add DNA ligase after amalgamating the plasmid and gene together. DNA ligase refers to an enzyme, which repairs breaks or abnormalities in the backbone of double-stranded molecules of DNA.  

It performs three prime activities, that is, it seals the recombination fragments, seals repairs in the DNA, and its associates or interlinks the Okazaki fragments, which are the small fragments of DNA produced at the time of the replication of the double-stranded DNA. As the mentioned procedure lacks the activities of DNA ligase, due to which only formation of normal pigs took place not the genetically modified pigs.  

question#1

ans:

cell is the basic unit of organization of all living things. cells are often called the building block of life and it is the smallest unit of life. the study of cell is called cell biology. cell consists of cytoplasm enclosed within membrane, which contain bio-molecules such as proteins and nucleic acid.

two third of cell is water, which means that two-third of your whole body is water. the rest is the mixture of molecules, mainly proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.

question#2

ans:

organ:

an organ is a group of tissues specialized to form a functional unit. an example is the heart in animals.

organ system:

an organ system is a group of several organs whose functions are synchronized to release an effective action in a living organism. an example is digestive system.

question#3

different systems perform different function at tissue level. for example, the respiratory system facilitates breathing. in the alveoli tissue of the lungs, the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the air and the bloodstream occurs by passive transport, so that oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide and water are removed. different systems of the body carry out different functions. for example, your digestive system is responsible for taking in and processing food, while your respiratory system working with your circulatory system is responsible for taking up oxygen and getting rid of carbon dioxide.

question#4

different systems perform different function at tissue level. for example, the respiratory system facilitates breathing. in the alveoli tissue of the lungs, the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the air and the bloodstream occurs by passive transport, so that oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide and water are removed. different systems of the body carry out different functions. for example, your digestive system is responsible for taking in and processing food, while your respiratory system—working with your circulatory system is responsible for taking up oxygen and getting rid of carbon dioxide.

question#5

our body works because of the interactions that happen between organs and organ systems.  

for example:  

the heart to regulate blood flow throughout the body. the blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carries carbon dioxide and waste away from the cells. body systems work together in maintaining a constant internal environment. when this balance is disrupted, the body systems may not function properly, and human health can suffer.   you start to feel bad.

condenser is used to focus in the light microscope.