How does endosymbiosis play a role in the evolution of prokaryotes to eukaryotes

Answer :

Prokaryotes are characterised as cells that lack nucleus and  other membrane bound organelle while eukaryotes are characterised by organisms with cells having nucleus and membrane bound organelles.Recent evidences suggest that organelles in eukaryotic cell have originated from the endosymbiotic association of ingested aerobic and photosynthetic  prokaryotes. These prokaryotes are now considerd as precursors of mitochondria and chloroplasts. It is believed,after the host cell engulfed the prokaryotes a symbiotic assotiation was established between the host and phagocytosed prokaryote and was stabilised by their mutual benefit.Finally the prokaryote lost its independent survival ability and turned into a organelle. And the symbionts associated to form an eukaryotic cell as a result of endosymbiosis.

answer: carbon 14 can only be used to determine the age of the organisms that were once living, and igneous rocks are non living.

explanation:

carbon 14 dating is used to determine the age of the sample by estimating the amount of carbon 14 present in the sample and then comparing it with a reference standard.carbon 14 is a isotope of carbon which is radioactive and unstable. carbon 14 is assimilated by all plants and animals throughout their life from carbon dioxide. however, one the organisms die they stop this assimilation and the carbon 14 content starts to decrease.by knowing how much of carbon 14 is left in an organism after his death, one can estimate the age of the organism. the materials whose age can be estimated by carbon 14 method are the organic compounds. however, some inorganic compounds such as aragonite   shell can also be dated.however, if we consider the igneous rocks it is a non living component which never accumulated carbon 14 in it and thus, we cannot use carbon 14 dating method to estimate its age.