Suppose you examined a pedigree of a large family, going back 6 generations. in generation 5, a woman ("g5w") has a serious genetic disease--its first incidence in the family. in the next generation, three of her offspring--two boys and one girl--are affected, with one daughter unaffected. what is the most likely explanation?
(a) g5w's parent--the one who married into the family--carried the disease allele (but wasn't affected), and it is autosomal dominant.
(b) a mutation in one of the g5w's parents, during gamete formation, created an x-linked dominant disease allele.
(c) a mutation in g5w created an autosomal dominant disease allele.
(d) the disease allele is recessive and x-linked; g5w's spouse also has the allele.

A mutation in one of the G5W's parents, during gamete formation, created an X-linked dominant disease allele.

Explanation:

the oldest known insects are believed to live around 400 millions ago as suggested by the fossil records.   some plants having woody stems also evolved during this time.

after the evolution of insects the first four legged species or the tetrapods evolved in shallow freshwater habitats from the intermediate species approximately 397 million years ago. the tetrapods went on conquering the land giving rise to amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds.

the major split in tetrapods first occurred 340 million years ago branching off from amphibians.

363 million years ago when the carboniferous period began the insects started roaming on land and taking flights, following which the four limbed tetrapods adapted in the terrestrial habitat.

passive transport is a movement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input. unlike active transport, it does not require an input of cellular energy because it is instead driven by the tendency of the system to grow in entropy.

so, according to what that says, i believe it's hypertonic and hypotonic.

good luck!