Trypanosome infections evade attacks by host immune systems through which of the following mechanisms? a. insertion of its dna into the nuclear dna of host cells b. production of new cell-surface proteins with a different molecular structure by each new generation c. production of toxins that kill lymphocytes d. infection of lymphocytes leading to a decline in the host's ability to fight infection

Explanation:

The life cycle of theses paratises extracellular alternate between the salivary glands of the insect transmitter and the blood of the mammal. During the set prior to the entry into the host, the metacylic parasites express a dense over formed by the Variant Surface of Glycoprotein, after entering to the mammal host they transform  into a morphology that stays in the bloodstream.

The parasites have to manipulate hosts cells in order to avoid the production of antimicrobial molecules and to benefit from growth factor production.

Intracellular protozoa have a remarkable adaptive capacity as they are able to resist killing by remodelling the phagosomal compartments where they reside and by interfering with the signalling pathway that leads to cellular activation.

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