Atp synthases are found in the prokaryotic plasma membrane and in mitochondria and chloroplasts.

(a) propose a hypothesis to account for an evolutionary relationship of these eukaryotic organelles and prokaryotes.

(b) explain how the amino acid sequences of the atp synthases from the different sources could be used to support or refute your hypothesis.

a) ATP synthase is a molecular machine. This enzyme (protein) is in charge of

making ATP and is used by prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The fact that the same enzyme appears in both groups creates a relationship because the easiest way this could happen is by eukaryotes acquiring this mechanisms from prokaryotes. It is believed that in fact this happened through a process known as endosymbiosis, in which prokaryotic cells engulf other cells establishing a symbiotic relationship. After millions of years it eventually became 1 organism.

b) Since ATP synthase is a type of protein one could expect that the amino acid sequence that creates this enzyme should be similar between prokaryotes and eukaryotes and supporting the idea that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes.

before, trains worked using the steam engine. thus, it uses heat so it is crucial to apply heat balance. the steam engine absorbs energy during the stage of boiling water. so, this is the endothermic reaction. when the steam is used to work the piston, it has to release this energy through running the train. the excess energy is released as an exhaust to the chimney. this is the exothermic process because it releases energy to the surroundings.