Explain the importance of immunological memory cells. describe in detail how and when memory cells arise and explain how they form the basis for effective immunizations.

Explanation:

Immunological memory is the property of the immune system to store information about a stimulus so it can mount an effective response if it encounters the same stimulus again being this second response quicker and stronger even after years since the first encounter.

This kind of response is dependent on many subpopulations within T and B lymphocytes and NK cells. When encountering an antigen, B cells recognize it by membrane antibody specifically binding to the antigen and then being activated to expand rapidly with their progeny clones differentiating into plasma and memory B cells, these last ones have a long life span to remain in the body, ready when another encounter with the same stimulus occurs, this is how the basis for effective immunizations happens.

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the answer that best describes the relative refractory period in the neuron is the resting membrane potential is restored, but concentrations of sodium and potassium are not restored to their original state.

the refractory period is the time during which another stimulus given to the neuron will not lead to a second potential. thus, because na+ channels are inactivated during this time, additional depolarizing stimuli do not lead to new action potentials.  

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