Bioinformatics includes all of the following except
a. using computer programs to align dna sequences.
b. using dna technology to combine dna from two different sources in a test tube.
c. developing computer-based tools for genome analysis.
d. using mathematical tools to make sense of biological systems.

The correct answer is option b.

Explanation:

Bioinformatics refers to the branch of science, which uses biotechnology and computer technology associated information for different objectives. It uses computer knowledge to assess sequences of DNA, computer-based tools for analysis of genomes, and mathematical tools to make sense of biological systems.  

However, the approach of bioinformatics does not need wet-lab experiments to combine DNA from two distinct sources in a test tube. Thus, option b is the incorrect one.  

the index of refraction of the second medium is higher. i just took the test trust me !