Carbon atoms are able to: a. give off electrons to form negative carbon ions b. bond with other carbon atoms to form long chains
c. gain four extra electrons to form positive carbon ions d. form five single covalent bonds with their valence electrons

d. in sexual reproduction, offspring have more chromosomes than

either parent.

asexual reproduction results in offspring which are genetically the same as the parent organism (not counting a rare mutation). sexual reproduction produces a random mixture of the genetics derived from both parents

explanation:

phylogenetic tree is the tree of life or evolution tree. it shows the different branches of evolution. the sequence goes like tissues - coelom - backbone - endoskeleton - segmentation