An elderly female patient complains that her skin feels dry and itchy. the nurse would advise her to:
a. not scratch, but trim her nails so she is less likely to break the skin and get an a. infection.
b. drink more fluids, use cool water when bathing, and wear cotton clothing only
c. ask her physician for a prescription for antihistamines to decrease the itching
d. bathe less often, use soap more sparingly, and apply a good skin emollient after each bath

The correct answer is option d.

Explanation:

One of the common issues among adults with age is the itchy and dry skin. The reduction of oil glands that assists in keeping the skin soft is the prime reason for the condition. It is very rare that the itchy and dry skin is a sign of kidney disease, diabetes, or any kind of liver disorder.  

Some of the ways, which helps the person with dry and itchy skin are:  

1. Take bath less often and use milder soap. Use warm water as warm water is less drying in comparison to hot water.  

2. Application of moisturizers like creams, lotion, or ointments.  

3. Application of humidifier in the room, that is, an apparatus, which supplements moisture to a room.  

it has to be understood that the sea water contains a huge amount of sodium and chlorine ions and if they enter the cell of the atlantic cod fish, the cell will shrivel and the fish will die. to avoid such a condition, the fish uses active transport for the purpose of removing the ions against the gradient.

explanation:

the atlantic cod is not a maritime osmoconformer. its native application of salts is less than that of the seawater it lives in. it is continually falling water from the gills to the ocean via osmosis.

countering that, the fish is going to be swallowing seawater. but since its internal collection of salts is lower than seawater, the fish will want to go free of excess salt, and since that's going upon a gradient, then active transport, requiring energy, must be used to pump out the salt. much marine fish use the organs to filter out the salt and these fish discharge very straight urine.