Which of the following is not true for polyclonal antibodies?
a. they contain a mixture of antibodies
b. they are raised against purified proteins
c. they can be used to detect targets that differ in only a single antigenic determinant
d. the amounts of antibodies in a polyclonal preparation may vary from one batch to another

B. They are raised against purified proteins

Explanation:

Polyclonal antibodies are those produced as a result of an immune response to an antigen, which generally involves the activation of multiple B cells, all of which address a specific epitope on that antigen. These antibodies are characterized by having different epitope specificities and affinities. Polyclonal antibodies can be obtained from the serum of immunized animals when the antigen of interest stimulates B lymphocytes to produce a diverse range of immunoglobulin specific for that antigen. Such antibodies can be used to detect targets that differ only in a single antigenic determinant and their amount originates from a polyclonal preparation that varies from batch to batch.

As stated earlier, these antibodies are made to be used against antigens and not against a purified protein.

step 1 ammonium can be absorbed by plants, but some is converted into nitrates which are better for plants to absorb. this is called nitrification. 2. step 2 the deer eats the plants and uses the nitrogen-containing proteins for cell growth. 3. step 3 bacteria in the soil conduct nitrogen fixation to convert nitrogen gas from the atmosphere into ammonium. 4. step 4 some of the nitrates are absorbed back into plants, but denitrification breaks down the nitrates into nitrogen gas released back into the atmosphere. 5. step 5 nitrogen is found in the urine, which gets broken down into ammonium through the process of ammonification. 6. step 6 plants absorb the ammonium and begin assimilation, the process to add the nitrogen to protein.

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