Explain the purpose of a quick body response like pulling a hand away from a hot stove

Which mantle is under the crust the upper mantle or the lower mantle i think it's upper let me know if i'm right

The phylogeny chart shows the evolution of camels. camelus is the modern-day camel. based on this chart, which three statements are true? ⭕ modern camels are more related to stenomylus than to eschatius. ⭕ stenomylous and modern camels do not share a common ancestor. ⭕ modern camels are more related to camelops than to aepycamelus. ⭕ pliauchenia and oxydactylus may share similar features. ⭕ procamelus and stenomylous may share similar features.

Why do bacteria thrive even in hostile environments