Which movement, whose development paralleled but was essentially independent of realism, based its aesthetics on nature, particularly on humanity’s place in the (darwinian) environment?

The correct answer is naturalism.

Explanation:

The two literary movements, which are associated closely and in certain cases used interchangeably are realism and naturalism. Both the movements depict life as it is. These movements demonstrated natural, believable, or real everyday experiences and activities. However, there prevails a substantial difference between naturalism and realism. The realism is considered to signify real life, while naturalism is considered to demonstrate life in a more scientific, and almost in a clinical way in comparison to realism.

succession returns a disturbed

ecosystem to a more stable state. this is also classified into two (2) types:

primary succession and secondary succession. the primary succession arises when

a new land is transformed and a bare rock has been exposed providing an environment

that can be occupied for the first time. while, secondary succession occurs

when a previously occupied environment was disturbed that kills much of all its

community

explanation:

many other transport proteins, often called pumps, move materials against a concentration gradient. active transport drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. this process, shown in figure 5.1, uses transport proteins powered by chemi- cal energy.