Plz .what sex is the person who has the karyotype described in steps 3-4? how do you know?
2.in what ways are the mutations described in steps 5-6 and 7-8 different from those described in steps 9-10 and 11-12?
3.in steps 11-12, you saw that cystic fibrosis is caused when specific sections of both copies of chromosome 8 are deleted. on the basis of this information, do you think cystic fibrosis is a dominant or recessive trait?
4.do all mutations result in negative effects?

1. xy is a male, and xx is a female.

2.the mutation occurs when chromosomes are defected by an harfull radiation ,alpha,beta,gama etc . the cause break in chromosome .

there are certain syndromes were product of this .

also from parential generation some mutation are there.

3.it would be a recessive trait

4.mutations do not necessarily always have to be bad, sometimes plants or animals mutate with something to the situation they are in.

"griffith's experiment discovering the "transforming principle" in pneumococcus bacteria. griffith's experiment, reported in 1928 by frederick griffith, was the first experiment suggesting that bacteria are capable of transferring genetic information through a process known as transformation." - griffith's experiment.