)a third population of crayfish lives in a very muddy stream. like the cave form, these crayfish have longer antennae, but unlike the cave form, these muddy stream-dwelling crayfish have retained their eyes. of the following hypotheses, which best explains how crayfish in the muddy stream have long antennae? a. among crayfish in the muddy stream, those with sense1 had greater reproductive success than those without sense1. b. in many crayfish individuals in the muddy stream, a mutation occurred that increased the length of antennae, but did not increase the activity of sense1. c. crayfish in the muddy stream are more closely related to the cave crayfish than they are to the surface crayfish. d. among crayfish in the muddy stream, those that possessed a mutation that increased the length of antennae, but not the activity of sense1, had greater reproductive success.

answer:

the water molecules are transferred from the roots to the stem or top parts of the tall tree because of important properties of water which are adhesion, cohesion and capillary action. cohesion is the property of water molecules keeps water molecules in a combined state by sharing of bonds between them at the atomic level. adhesion allows the interaction of water molecules with other substances or substrate. adhesion will cause the attachment of water molecules to the wall of the vessel (xylem) of the plant. capillary action occurs when the adhesive force to the vessel wall is stronger than the cohesive force between water molecules. capillary action mimics the transfer of water from a tube or pipe. in this way water utilizes its property to transfer water from down to top level of the plant.  

the solute can move "downhill," from regions of higher to lower concentration, relying on the specificity of the protein carrier to pass through the membrane. this process is called passive transport or facilitated diffusion, and does not require energy.