How is the cell structure related to its function in your body

A cell with a large surface area or with microvilli (which increase surface area) are specialized for absorption. Many cells have different protein markers on their surface to accept certain specific hormones and allow them into the cell, like muscle cells reacting to adrenaline. Muscle cells are long and able to contract, allowing for overall muscle contraction and body movement. 

I guess the hormone part I mentioned applies to chemicals; endocrine cells produce hormones that other cells would not. 

For organelles, muscle cells don't have many of the organelles that other cells do because of their very specialized functions. 

I hope this helps, it would literally take volumes of text books to answer this question completely.