Why are well-defined reading frames critical in protein synthesis? a. without a well-defined reading frame, the resulting protein would be transported to the cell surface. b. without a well-defined reading frame, the ribosome is unable to bind to the mrna. c. without a well-defined reading frame, the peptide made from a given sequence could be completely different. d. without a well-defined reading frame, the mrna would be transcribed back into dna.

Option (C).

Explanation:

Reading frames represent a way of reading the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule into a set of non-overlapping, constitutive triplets.

These triplets are known as genetic codes or codons. There are total 64 codons, out of which 61 code for particular amino acids and three codons provide stop signaling.

So, if a reading frames change in a RNA molecule, it will lead to change in codon sequence and formation of a completely different peptide.  

Thus, the correct answer is option (C).

The correct answer is option C. "Without a well-defined reading frame, the peptide made from a given sequence could be completely different".

Explanation:

In molecular biology, the reading frame is defined as the way a nucleotide sequence is divided in triplets, at which each group of three nucleotide (codons) is translated into an amino acid. Well-defined reading frames are critical in protein synthesis, because any change in the reading frame would result in a peptide completely different of the one desired. A clear example of the importance of a well-defined reading frame is seen in frameshift mutations, at which nucleotide insertions or deletions causes leads to the synthesis of a completely different and non functional protein.

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4.) metal

"-the movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things and back to the environment

-carbon is the essential component of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates (which make up all organisms)

-carbon exists in air, water, and living organisms

-producers convert carbon dioxide in the atmosphere into carbohydrates during photosynthesis

-bacteria in the atmosphere cycles through the system in filtration units

-in cellular respiration, carbon is released back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide

-some carbon is stored in limestone (forming one of the largest "carbon sinks" on earth)

-largest carbon reservoir on earth= limestone

-carbon stored in the bodies of organisms as fat, oils, or other molecules may be released into the soil or air when the organism dies

-this may form deposits of coal, oil, or natural gas (fossil fuels, which increased the atmospheric carbon dioxide)

-fossil fuels store carbon left over from bodies of organisms that died millions of years ago

-they are located in the surface of earth, deep within the earth and beneath the ocean floor."