The chemiosmotic hypothesis states that the energy for the production of atp during photosynthesis comes from
a. the release of protons from water. b. the oxidation of nadp+.c. a proton gradient set up across the thylakoid membrane. d. the oxidation of co2.e. glycolysis.

c. a proton gradient set up across the thylakoid membrane

Explanation:

During the photosynthesis (this also occurs in cellular respiration in mitochondria), hydrogen ions (H+) move across the thylakoid membrane down their electrochemical gradient (from the area of their higher concentration to the area with hydrogen ions lower concentration). An ion gradient can be used for the production of ATP.

significant amounts of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and other pollution

explanation:

passenger vehicles are a major pollution contributor, producing significant amounts of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and other pollution. in 2013, transportation contributed more than half of the carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, and almost a quarter of the hydrocarbons emitted into our air.