2. in what ways are the mutations described in steps 5-6 and 7-8 different from those described in steps 9-10 and 11-12?

Explanation:      the mutation occurs when chromosomes are defected by an harfull radiation ,alpha,beta,gama etc . the cause break in chromosome .

there are certain syndromes were product of this .

also from parential generation some mutation are there.

Hope this helps :)

a tetrad is the foursome during meiosis made by two homologous chromosomes that have each already replicated into a pair of sister chromatids.

the oxygenated blood then leaves the lungs through pulmonary veins, which return it to the left heart, completing the pulmonary cycle. this blood then enters the left atrium, which pumps it through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. from the left ventricle, the blood passes through the aortic valve to the aorta.

deoxygenated blood leaves through the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery. from the right atrium, the blood is pumped through the tricuspid valve (or right atrioventricular valve), into the right ventricle.